1995 atmospheric trace molecule spectroscopy (ATMOS) linelist

The Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS) experiment uses a Fourier-transform spectrometer on board the Space Shuttle to record infrared solar occultation spectra of the atmosphere at 0.01-cm^(-1) resolution. The current version of the molecular spectroscopic database used for the analysis of the data obtained during three Space Shuttle missions between 1992 and 1994 is described. It is an extension of the effort first described by Brown et al. [Appl. Opt. 26, 5154 (1987)] to maintain an up-to-date database for the ATMOS experiment. The three-part ATMOS compilation contains Line parameters of 49 molecular species between 0 and 10000 cm^(-1), The main list, with nearly 700,000 entries, is an updated version of the HITRAN 1992 database. The second compilation contains supplemental line parameters, and the third set consists of absorption cross sections to represent the unresolvable features of heavy molecules. The differences between the ATMOS database and other public compilations are discussed

Measurements of CH4, N2O, CO, H2O and O3 in the middle atmosphere by the ATMOS experiment on Spacelab 3

The volume mixing ratios of five minor gases (CH4, N2O, CO, H2O, and O3) were retrieved through the middle atmosphere from the analysis of 0.01/cm resolution infrared solar occultation spectra recorded near 28 N and 48 S latitudes with the ATMOS (Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy) instrument, flown on board Spacelab 3. The results, which constitute the first simultaneous observations of continuous profiles through the middle atmosphere for these gases, are in general agreement with reported measurements from ground, balloon and satellite-based instruments for the same seasons. In detail, the vertical profiles of these gases show the effects of the upper and middle atmospheric transport patterns dominant during the season of these observations. The profiles inferred at different longitudes around 28 N suggest a near-uniform zonal distribution of these gases. Although based on fewer observations, the sunrise occultation measurements point to a larger variability in the vertical distribution of these gases at 48 S

Heavy ozone enrichments from ATMOS infrared solar spectra

Vertical enrichment profiles of stratospheric ^(16)O^(16)O^(18)O and ^(16)O^(18)O^(16)O (hereafter referred to as ^(668)O_3 and ^(686)O_3 respectively) have been derived from space-based solar occultation spectra recorded at 0.01 cm^(−1) resolution by the ATMOS (Atmospheric Trace MOlecule Spectroscopy) Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. The observations, made during the Spacelab 3 and ATLAS-1, -2, and -3 shuttle missions, cover polar, mid-latitude and tropical regions between 26 to 2.6 mb inclusive (≈ 25 to 41 km). Average enrichments, weighted by molecular ^(48)O_3 density, of (15±6)% were found for ^(668)O_3 and (10±7)% for ^(686)O_3. Defining the mixing ratio of ^(50)O_3 as the sum of those for ^(668)O_3 and ^(686)O_3, an enrichment of (13±5)% was found for ^(50)O_3 (1σ standard deviation). No latitudinal or vertical gradients were found outside this standard deviation. From a series of ground-based measurements by the ATMOS instrument at Table Mountain, California (34.4°N), an average total column ^(668)O_3 enrichment of (17±4)% (1σ standard deviation) was determined, with no significant seasonal variation discernable. Possible biases in the spectral intensities that affect the determination of absolute enrichments are discussed

Gaussian Fluctuation in Random Matrices

Let $N(L)$ be the number of eigenvalues, in an interval of length $L$, of a matrix chosen at random from the Gaussian Orthogonal, Unitary or Symplectic ensembles of ${\cal N}$ by ${\cal N}$ matrices, in the limit ${\cal N}\rightarrow\infty$. We prove that $[N(L) - \langle N(L)\rangle]/\sqrt{\log L}$ has a Gaussian distribution when $L\rightarrow\infty$. This theorem, which requires control of all the higher moments of the distribution, elucidates numerical and exact results on chaotic quantum systems and on the statistics of zeros of the Riemann zeta function. \noindent PACS nos. 05.45.+b, 03.65.-wComment: 13 page

The 2015-2016 El Nino and the Response of the Carbon Cycle: Findings from NASA's OCO-2 Mission

The El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the most important mode of tropical climate variability on interannual to decadal time scales. Correlations between atmospheric CO2 growth rate and ENSO activity are relatively well known but the magnitude of this correlation, the contribution from tropical marine vs. terrestrial flux components, and the causal mechanisms, are poorly constrained in space and time. The launch of NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) mission in July 2014 was rather timely given the development of strong ENSO conditions over the tropical Pacific Ocean in 2015-2016. In this presentation, we will discuss how the high-density observations from OCO-2 provided us with a novel dataset to resolve the linkages between El Nino and atmospheric CO2. Along with information from in situ observations of CO2 from NOAA's Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) project and atmospheric CO2 from the Scripps CO2 Program, and other remote-sensing missions, we are able to piece together the time dependent response of atmospheric CO2 concentrations over the Tropics. Our findings confirm the hypothesis from studies following the 1997-1998 El Nino event that an early reduction in CO2 outgassing from the tropical Pacific Ocean is later reversed by enhanced net CO2 emissions from the terrestrial biosphere. This implies that a component of the interannual variability (IAV) in the growth rate of atmospheric CO2, which has typically been used to constrain the climate sensitivity of tropical land carbon fluxes, is strongly influenced and modified by ocean fluxes during the early phase of the ENSO event. Our analyses shed further light on the understanding of the marine vs. terrestrial partitioning of tropical carbon fluxes during El Nino events, their relative contributions to the global atmospheric CO2 growth rate, and provide clues about the sensitivity of the carbon cycle to climate forcing on interannual time scales

Stratospheric observations of CH_3D and HDO from ATMOS infrared solar spectra: Enrichments of deuterium in methane and implications for HD

Stratospheric mixing ratios of CH_3D from 100 mb to 17 mb (≈ 15 to 28 km) and HDO from 100 mb to 10 mb (≈ 15 to 32 km) have been inferred from high resolution solar occultation infrared spectra from the Atmospheric Trace MOlecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS) Fourier-transform interferometer. The spectra, taken on board the Space Shuttle during the Spacelab 3 and ATLAS-1, -2, and -3 missions, extend in latitude from 70°S to 65°N. We find CH_3D entering the stratosphere at an average mixing ratio of (9.9±0.8) × 10^(−10) with a D/H ratio in methane (7.1±7.4)% less than that in Standard Mean Ocean Water (SMOW) (1σ combined precision and systematic error). In the mid to lower stratosphere, the average lifetime of CH_3D is found to be (1.19±0.02) times that of CH_4, resulting in an increasing D/H ratio in methane as air “ages” and the methane mixing ratio decreases. We find an average of (1.0±0.1) molecules of stratospheric HDO are produced for each CH_3D destroyed (1σ combined precision and systematic error), indicating that the rate of HDO production is approximately equal to the rate of CH_3D destruction. Assuming negligible amounts of deuterium in species other than HDO, CH_3D and HD, this limits the possible change in the stratospheric HD mixing ratio below about 10 mb to be ±0.1 molecules HD created per molecule CH_3D destroyed

Jack vertex operators and realization of Jack functions

We give an iterative method to realize general Jack functions from Jack functions of rectangular shapes. We first show some cases of Stanley's conjecture on positivity of the Littlewood-Richardson coefficients, and then use this method to give a new realization of Jack functions. We also show in general that vectors of products of Jack vertex operators form a basis of symmetric functions. In particular this gives a new proof of linear independence for the rectangular and marked rectangular Jack vertex operators. Thirdly a generalized Frobenius formula for Jack functions was given and was used to give new evaluation of Dyson integrals and even powers of Vandermonde determinant.Comment: Expanded versio

Instruments of RT-2 Experiment onboard CORONAS-PHOTON and their test and evaluation III: Coded Aperture Mask and Fresnel Zone Plates in RT-2/CZT Payload

Imaging in hard X-rays of any astrophysical source with high angular resolution is a challenging job. Shadow-casting technique is one of the most viable options for imaging in hard X-rays. We have used two different types of shadow-casters, namely, Coded Aperture Mask (CAM) and Fresnel Zone Plate (FZP) pair and two types of pixellated solid-state detectors, namely, CZT and CMOS in RT-2/CZT payload, the hard X-ray imaging instrument onboard the CORONAS-PHOTON satellite. In this paper, we present the results of simulations with different combinations of coders (CAM & FZP) and detectors that are employed in the RT-2/CZT payload. We discuss the possibility of detecting transient Solar flares with good angular resolution for various combinations. Simulated results are compared with laboratory experiments to verify the consistency of the designed configuration.Comment: 27 pages, 16 figures, Accepted for publication in Experimental Astronomy (in press

Severe Unresolved Cholestasis Due to Unknown Etiology Leading to Early Allograft Failure Within the First 3 Months of Liver Transplantation

Background Causes of severe cholestasis after liver transplantation (LT) are multi-factorial. Although the etiology is predictable in some, others culminate in graft/patient loss without a definitive cause identified. Severe cholestasis is usually associated with overlapped histological findings of rejection and biliary features, and diagnostic interpretation may pose a challenge.Methods This is 10-year retrospective analysis of patients with unexplained severe cholestasis resulting in death/graft loss within 90 days of LT. Of 1 583 LT during the study period, 90-day graft failure occurred in 129 (8%) cases; a total of 45 (3%) patients had unresolving severe cholestasis (bilirubin, >100 mol/L; alkaline phosphatase, >400 UI/L after 15 days from LT), excluding those due to primary nonfunction/sepsis/vascular causes (n = 84). Demographics, allograft biopsies, radiological investigations, and clinical outcome were analyzed.Results All patients had persistent abnormal liver biochemistry. Doppler ultrasound scan was normal in all cases. Thirty-five (78%) recipients had at least 1 allograft biopsy (2 [1-9]). On the first biopsy, 22 (63%) patients had acute rejection, 4 (18%) early-chronic rejection, 12 (34%) antibody-mediated rejection. In subsequent biopsies chronic rejection was evident in 5 (14%) cases. Donor-specific antibodies were detected in all patients tested. Biliary anatomy was studied in detail in 9 (20%) patients, all presenting biliary strictures. The majority (n = 39; 87%) died within 32 (10-91) days, only survivors were from retransplantation (n = 3;6.5%) and biliary intervention (n = 3;6.5%).Conclusions Unresolving severe cholestasis after LT is a key parameter predicting patient/allograft outcome. Histologically, rejection seems to overlap with biliary strictures; hence, allograft biopsy with signs of rejection should not be a reason to overlook biliary problems, in particular when biliary features are present. Only extensive radiological investigation/intervention or retransplantation prevents patient/allograft loss

The 2015-2016 El Nino and the Response of the Carbon Cycle: Findings from NASA's OCO-2 Mission

The El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the most important mode of tropical climate variability on interannual to decadal time scales. Correlations between atmospheric CO2 growth rate and ENSO activity are relatively well known but the magnitude of this correlation, the contribution from tropical marine vs. terrestrial flux components, and the causal mechanisms, are poorly constrained in space and time. The launch of NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) mission in July 2014 was rather timely given the development of strong ENSO conditions over the tropical Pacific Ocean in 2015-2016. In this presentation, we will discuss how the high-density observations from OCO-2 provided us with a novel dataset to resolve the linkages between El Nino and atmospheric CO2. Along with information from in situ observations of pCO2 from NOAA's Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) project and atmospheric CO2 from the Scripps CO2 Program, and other remote-sensing missions, we are able to piece together the time dependent response of atmospheric CO2 concentrations over the Tropics. Our findings confirm the hypothesis from studies following the 1997-1998 El Nino event that an early reduction in CO2 outgassing from the tropical Pacific Ocean is later reversed by enhanced net CO2 emissions from the terrestrial biosphere. This implies that a component of the interannual variability (IAV) in the growth rate of atmospheric CO2, which has typically been used to constrain the climate sensitivity of tropical land carbon fluxes, is strongly influenced and modified by ocean fluxes during the early phase of the ENSO event. Our analyses shed further light on the understanding of the marine vs. terrestrial partitioning of tropical carbon fluxes during El Nino events, their relative contributions to the global atmospheric CO2 growth rate, and provide clues about the sensitivity of the carbon cycle to climate forcing on interannual time scales